Makasitomala ambiri kudzera patsamba lathu amalankhula pafoni kuti aone mtundu wa thumba lolukidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe masiku ano zimafotokoza mtundu wa thumba lolukidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zogwiritsidwa ntchito.
Matumba oluka amadziwikanso kuti matumba a chikopa cha njoka. Ndi pulasitiki, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popakira. Zipangizo zake nthawi zambiri zimakhala polyethylene, polypropylene ndi zipangizo zina zopangira pulasitiki. Izi ndi chiyambi cha mitundu ndi momwe matumba oluka amagwiritsidwira ntchito.
mtundu
Zipangizo zazikulu zopangira zinthu zakunja ndi polyethylene (PE), pomwe zinthu zazikulu zopangira zinthu zapakhomo ndi polypropylene (PP), utomoni wa thermoplastic wokonzedwa ndi ethylene polymerization. M'mafakitale, ma copolymer a ethylene okhala ndi -olefin ochepa amaphatikizidwanso. Polyethylene yopanda fungo, yopanda poizoni, yokhala ndi sera, yokhala ndi kukana kutentha kochepa (kutentha kocheperako kogwira ntchito mpaka -70 ~ 100℃), kukhazikika kwabwino kwa mankhwala, kukana asidi ndi alkali (asidi wosagwirizana ndi okosijeni), yosasungunuka mu zosungunulira zonse kutentha kwa chipinda, kuyamwa madzi pang'ono, magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri amagetsi oteteza kutentha; Ndi polyethylene (yoteteza mankhwala ndi magetsi) yolimbana ndi kupsinjika kwa chilengedwe; Mphamvu ya makina) yofooka kwambiri, kukana kutentha kwambiri. Katundu wa polyethylene amasiyana kuchokera ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana, makamaka kutengera kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyulu ndi kuchuluka kwake. Zogulitsa zokhala ndi kachulukidwe kosiyanasiyana (0.91 mpaka 0.96 g/cm3) zitha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira. Polyethylene imatha kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yodziwika bwino yopangira thermoplastic (onani pulasitiki). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafilimu, makontena, mapaipi, waya umodzi, waya ndi chingwe, zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndi zina zotero. Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati zinthu zotetezera ma TV ndi radar. Ndi chitukuko cha makampani opanga mafuta, kupanga polyethylene kwakula mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa pafupifupi kotala la pulasitiki yonse. Mu 1983, mphamvu yonse yopangira polyethylene padziko lonse lapansi inali 24.65 Mt, ndipo mphamvu ya fakitale yomwe ikumangidwa inali 3.16 Mt.
polypropylene
Utomoni wa thermoplastic wokonzedwa ndi propylene polymerization. Pali mitundu itatu ya isomorphism yonse, random ndi interisomorphism. Zigawo zazikulu za zinthu zamafakitale ndi zinthu zofanana. Polypropylene imaphatikizaponso copolymers ya propylene ndi ethylene yochepa. Nthawi zambiri imakhala yolimba yopanda utoto, yopanda kukoma komanso yopanda poizoni. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake kokhazikika komanso kristalo wambiri, malo osungunuka amakhala mpaka 167℃. Ndi yolimba kutentha ndipo mankhwalawa amatha kuwiritsidwa ndi nthunzi. Kuchuluka kwa 0.90 g/cm3 ndiye pulasitiki yopepuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Kukana dzimbiri, mphamvu yokoka 30 MPa, mphamvu, kuuma ndi kuwonekera bwino ndikwabwino kuposa polyethylene. Zoyipa zake ndi kukana kochepa komanso kukalamba mosavuta kutentha kochepa, komwe kumatha kuthetsedwa mwa kusintha ndi kuwonjezera ma antioxidants motsatana.
Mtundu wa matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu nthawi zambiri umakhala woyera kapena wosakhala woyera, siwopsereza komanso wopanda kukoma, nthawi zambiri sungawononge thupi la munthu. Ngakhale kuti amapangidwa kuchokera ku mapulasitiki osiyanasiyana a mankhwala, ndi ochezeka komanso ogwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, makamaka polongedza zinthu zosiyanasiyana, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale.
Chikwama chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki chimapangidwa ndi polypropylene resin, chimatulutsidwa ndikutambasulidwa kukhala silika wathyathyathya, kenako nkuchiluka m'matumba.
Matumba opangidwa ndi pulasitiki opangidwa ndi nsalu ya pulasitiki kudzera mumtsinje.
Amagwiritsidwa ntchito polongedza ufa kapena zinthu zolimba zopyapyala komanso zinthu zosinthasintha. Chikwama chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki chopangidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana chimagawidwa m'matumba awiri mkati mwa chimodzi ndi atatu mkati mwa chimodzi malinga ndi kapangidwe kake ka zinthuzo.
Malinga ndi njira yosokera, ikhoza kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: thumba losokera pansi, thumba losokera m'mphepete, thumba lolowetsa ndi thumba losokera lomangirira.
Kutengera ndi kukula kwa thumba, lingagawidwe m'magulu 450, 500, 550, 600, 650 ndi 700 mm. Mafotokozedwe apadera amavomerezedwa ndi wogulitsa ndi kasitomala.
Mtundu wa ntchito
1. Matumba opakira zinthu zamafakitale ndi zaulimi
Pogwiritsa ntchito matumba osinthika a ziwiya, matumba apulasitiki opangidwa ndi ziwiya amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani a zaulimi, mayendedwe ndi ma phukusi. Matumba apulasitiki opangidwa ndi ziwiya akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pokonza zinthu zaulimi. Matumba apulasitiki opangidwa ndi ziwiya akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zinthu zam'madzi. Mapepala opangidwa ndi chakudya cha nkhuku, zipangizo zophimbira pafamu, mthunzi wa ulimi wa mbewu, woteteza mphepo, malo obisalamo matalala ndi zinthu zina. Zinthu zodziwika bwino: thumba lopangidwa ndi ziwiya, thumba lopangidwa ndi mankhwala, thumba lopangidwa ndi ufa wa putty, thumba lopangidwa ndi urea, thumba la ukonde wa masamba, thumba la ukonde wa zipatso, ndi zina zotero.
2. Ma CD a chakudya
Mpunga, ufa ndi ma phukusi ena a chakudya pang'onopang'ono amagwiritsa ntchito matumba osokedwa. Matumba osokedwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi awa: matumba osokedwa mpunga, matumba osokedwa ufa, matumba osokedwa chimanga ndi matumba ena osokedwa.
3. Mayendedwe a zokopa alendo
Mahema akanthawi, maambulera, matumba oyendera ndi matumba mumakampani oyendera alendo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki. Mahema amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati malo osungiramo anthu.
Mahema akanthawi, maambulera, matumba oyendera ndi matumba mumakampani oyendera alendo amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsalu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki. Mahema amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zophimba zonyamulira ndi kusungira, m'malo mwa mahema olemera komanso owuma a thonje. Mipanda ndi mauna m'nyumba zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu nsalu zapulasitiki. Zofala: matumba oyendetsera zinthu, matumba okonzera zinthu. Maphukusi onyamula katundu, mapaketi onyamula katundu, ndi zina zotero.
Zipangizo zauinjiniya
Kuyambira pomwe geotextile idapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 1980, ntchito yopangira nsalu zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki yakhala ikukula, ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posamalira madzi ang'onoang'ono, magetsi, misewu ikuluikulu, njanji, doko, kumanga migodi ndi kumanga asilikali. Mu mapulojekiti awa, geosynthetics ili ndi ntchito zosefera, kutulutsa madzi, kulimbitsa, kudzipatula komanso kuwongolera kutuluka kwa madzi. Geotextile zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki ndi imodzi mwa geotextile zopangidwa.
Zipangizo zowongolera kusefukira kwa madzi
Matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu ndi ofunikira kwambiri polimbana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi. Ndi ofunikiranso kwambiri pomanga makoma a mitsinje, mitsinje, njanji ndi misewu. Ndi matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu yotsutsana ndi chidziwitso, matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu yotsutsana ndi chilala komanso matumba opangidwa ndi nsalu yotsutsana ndi kusefukira kwa madzi.
Pamwambapa pali zodzoladzola zazing'ono zomwe aliyense amavala za mtundu wa thumba lolukidwa komanso momwe angagwiritsire ntchito upangiri wofanana, kudzera mu kugawana zomwe zili, mtundu ndi mtundu wa matumba olukidwa, ngati mukufuna kupita mozama mu thumba la chidziwitso cha msika, mutha kulumikizana ndi wogulitsa ku kampani yathu, kapena kufufuza thumba lolukidwa nthawi yomweyo, kulumikizana kwathu kukufotokozedwa mu pepalali.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-03-2020